{"title":"轨道火箭图鉴","asOf":"2026-07","warning":"高频型号发射记录为代表性样本，不可据此计算成功率。","rockets":[{"slug":"long-march-5","name":"长征五号","en":"Long March 5","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"中国航天科技集团 / 中国运载火箭技术研究院","status":"在役 · 重型","className":"重型运载火箭","debut":2016,"image":"/rockets/long-march-5-full.jpg","imageCredit":"Shujianyang / Wikimedia Commons（CC BY-SA 4.0）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CZ-5_rendering.jpg","source":"https://calt.spacechina.com/n482/n498/c4956/content.html","sourceLabel":"中国运载火箭技术研究院","launchSite":"中国文昌航天发射场","launchScope":"长征五号与长征五号B的关键任务记录；家族高频任务采用节点式摘录。","intro":"中国现役运力最大的运载火箭家族之一。基本型面向高轨与深空任务，取消二子级的长征五号B则面向大型近地轨道载荷。","role":"承担大型地球同步轨道卫星、月球采样返回、火星探测与空间站舱段等国家重大工程任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"56.97 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 869 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"25 t（长五B）"},{"label":"GTO 运力","value":"14 t"},{"label":"芯级直径","value":"5.0 m"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氢/液氧 + 液氧煤油"}],"features":[{"title":"模块化构型","text":"5 米芯级与四个 3.35 米助推器组合，形成面向高轨和近地轨道的不同型号。"},{"title":"低温动力","text":"芯级使用氢氧发动机，助推器使用液氧煤油发动机，避免传统有毒常温推进剂。"},{"title":"深空主力","text":"中国探月三期与首次火星探测任务均由长征五号承担，强调高能轨道能力。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2016.11.03","mission":"首次飞行试验 / 实践十七号","result":"成功","note":"完成大型低温运载火箭首飞。"},{"date":"2017.07.02","mission":"长征五号遥二 / 实践十八号","result":"失败","note":"一级液氧煤油发动机异常，任务失利并触发两年多整改。"},{"date":"2019.12.27","mission":"长征五号遥三 / 实践二十号","result":"成功","note":"复飞成功，恢复中国重型高轨与深空发射能力。"},{"date":"2020.05.05","mission":"长征五号B首飞 / 新一代载人飞船试验船","result":"成功","note":"无二级近地轨道构型首飞，验证空间站舱段发射方案。"},{"date":"2020.07.23","mission":"天问一号","result":"成功","note":"将中国首次火星探测器送入地火转移轨道。"},{"date":"2020.11.24","mission":"嫦娥五号","result":"成功","note":"执行月球采样返回发射任务。"},{"date":"2021.04.29","mission":"长征五号B / 天和核心舱","result":"成功","note":"发射中国空间站首个舱段。"},{"date":"2022.07.24","mission":"长征五号B / 问天实验舱","result":"成功","note":"发射中国空间站第二个大型舱段。"},{"date":"2022.10.31","mission":"长征五号B / 梦天实验舱","result":"成功","note":"完成中国空间站三舱基本构型的发射收官。"},{"date":"2024.05.03","mission":"嫦娥六号","result":"成功","note":"开启人类首次月球背面采样返回任务。"}]},{"slug":"long-march-7","name":"长征七号","en":"Long March 7","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"中国航天科技集团 / 中国运载火箭技术研究院","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"中型液体运载火箭","debut":2016,"image":"/rockets/long-march-7-full.jpg","imageCredit":"Shujianyang / Wikimedia Commons（CC BY-SA 4.0）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CZ-7_rendering.jpg","source":"https://www.spacechina.com/n25/n146/n238/n12985/c1043803/content.html","sourceLabel":"中国航天科技集团","launchSite":"中国文昌航天发射场","launchScope":"长征七号基本型与长征七号A的关键任务记录；按构型在任务名中注明。","intro":"为中国载人航天货运任务研制的新一代中型火箭。基本型是天舟货运飞船的固定搭档，长征七号A增加低温上面级后拓展至高轨任务。","role":"稳定执行空间站货运补给，并以长征七号A覆盖中高轨通信、遥感和试验卫星任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"53.2 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 593 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"≥13.5 t"},{"label":"700 km SSO","value":"5.5 t"},{"label":"整流罩直径","value":"4.2 m"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / 煤油"}],"features":[{"title":"无毒推进剂","text":"芯级和助推器均采用液氧煤油动力，改善发射场操作和环境条件。"},{"title":"货运专长","text":"为天舟货运飞船的质量、尺寸和发射窗口进行系统级适配。"},{"title":"家族扩展","text":"长征七号A增加氢氧第三级后，能够将更重载荷送入地球同步转移轨道。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2016.06.25","mission":"首次飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"验证新一代中型液体火箭总体方案。"},{"date":"2017.04.20","mission":"天舟一号","result":"成功","note":"发射中国首艘货运飞船，验证推进剂在轨补加。"},{"date":"2020.03.16","mission":"长征七号A首飞","result":"失败","note":"高轨构型首飞失利，随后完成故障定位与整改。"},{"date":"2021.03.12","mission":"长征七号A遥二 / 试验九号","result":"成功","note":"长七A复飞成功，形成面向高轨的运载能力。"},{"date":"2021.05.29","mission":"天舟二号","result":"成功","note":"为空间站核心舱送去首批物资。"},{"date":"2022.05.10","mission":"天舟四号","result":"成功","note":"为神舟十四号乘组与空间站建造阶段补给物资。"},{"date":"2023.05.10","mission":"天舟六号","result":"成功","note":"货运飞船改进型首飞，提升密封舱装载能力。"},{"date":"2024.01.17","mission":"天舟七号","result":"成功","note":"执行空间站常态化货运补给。"},{"date":"2025.07.15","mission":"天舟九号","result":"成功","note":"执行空间站常态化货运补给。"},{"date":"2026.05.11","mission":"天舟十号","result":"成功","note":"完成第十艘天舟货运飞船发射。"}]},{"slug":"long-march-8","name":"长征八号","en":"Long March 8","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"中国航天科技集团 / 中国运载火箭技术研究院","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"中型液体运载火箭","debut":2020,"image":"/rockets/long-march-8-full.jpg","imageCredit":"Shujianyang / Wikimedia Commons（CC BY-SA 4.0）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:CZ-8_Y1_rendering.jpg","source":"https://calt.spacechina.com/n482/n2438/index.html","sourceLabel":"中国运载火箭技术研究院","launchSite":"中国文昌航天发射场 / 海南商业航天发射场","launchScope":"长征八号与长征八号甲的历次关键节点，含首飞、组网与深空中继任务。","intro":"面向中低轨商业卫星和大型星座组网的长征家族成员。长征八号甲通过更强二级与更大整流罩提高批量组网效率。","role":"服务太阳同步轨道遥感、通信星座组网和深空中继等任务，强调高密度发射与一箭多星能力。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"约 50.3 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 356 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"约 8.1 t"},{"label":"SSO 运力","value":"约 5 t"},{"label":"级数","value":"2.5 级"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧煤油 + 氢氧"}],"features":[{"title":"批量组网","text":"针对星座任务优化整流罩空间、分离系统与发射周转。"},{"title":"成熟模块组合","text":"复用长征七号一子级和长征三号甲系列氢氧二子级相关技术。"},{"title":"高发射频次","text":"长征八号与长征八号甲共同承担中国商业航天发射场的星座任务。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2020.12.22","mission":"首次飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"在文昌完成首飞。"},{"date":"2022.02.27","mission":"一箭 22 星","result":"成功","note":"创造当时中国一箭多星数量纪录。"},{"date":"2024.03.20","mission":"鹊桥二号","result":"成功","note":"发射探月四期中继星。"},{"date":"2025.02.11","mission":"长征八号甲首飞 / 卫星互联网低轨卫星","result":"成功","note":"新型氢氧上面级与 5.2 米整流罩首飞，面向批量组网任务。"},{"date":"2026.07.05","mission":"长征八号甲 / 千帆极轨 15 组","result":"成功","note":"执行低轨星座批量组网任务。"}]},{"slug":"falcon-9","name":"猎鹰 9","en":"Falcon 9","country":"美国","flag":"🇺🇸","agency":"SpaceX","status":"在役 · 高频发射","className":"部分可重复使用重型火箭","debut":2010,"image":"/rockets/falcon-9.jpg","imageCredit":"Wikimedia Commons / 美国政府影像","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Falcon%209%20launch","source":"https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-9","sourceLabel":"SpaceX","launchSite":"美国佛州 LC-39A、SLC-40 / 加州 SLC-4E","launchScope":"猎鹰9发射数量巨大，本站列出改变型号能力与运营状态的代表性任务；完整清单请进入 SpaceX 发射档案筛选。","intro":"全球发射频率最高的轨道运载火箭之一。通过一级垂直回收和重复飞行，把复用从单次示范转化为常态化商业运营。","role":"覆盖载人航天、国际空间站补给、星链组网、国家安全、商业卫星和深空探测发射。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"70 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"549 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力（全消耗最大）","value":"22.8 t"},{"label":"GTO 运力（全消耗最大）","value":"8.3 t"},{"label":"一级发动机","value":"9 × Merlin 1D"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / RP-1"}],"features":[{"title":"一级复用","text":"一级可返回陆地或海上无人船；整流罩也可回收翻修，二级不回收。回收任务需要预留返程推进剂，实际运力低于页面所列全消耗最大值。"},{"title":"载人认证","text":"与载人龙飞船组合，承担美国往返国际空间站的常态化载人任务。"},{"title":"高频运营","text":"标准化制造、快速周转和星链内部需求共同支撑极高年度发射次数。"}],"capabilityMatrix":[{"configuration":"Falcon 9 Block 5","launchSite":"佛州 / 加州","recovery":"全消耗","orbit":"LEO","payload":"22.8 t","note":"制造商公布的最大能力；不是常见回收任务运力。"},{"configuration":"Falcon 9 Block 5","launchSite":"佛州 / 加州","recovery":"全消耗","orbit":"GTO","payload":"8.3 t"},{"configuration":"Falcon 9 Block 5","launchSite":"佛州 / 加州","recovery":"一级回收","orbit":"LEO / GTO","payload":"随任务剖面","note":"SpaceX 未在当前公开性能页给出一个统一的回收模式上限。"}],"fairing":{"diameter":"5.2 m","height":"13.1 m","note":"标准复合材料整流罩；载人龙飞船任务不使用该整流罩。"},"economics":{"publicPrice":"US$69.75M","priceType":"商业报价","estimate":"约 US$3,060/kg","denominator":"69.75M ÷ 22,800 kg（全消耗最大 LEO）","note":"仅是把 2024 标准报价除以制造商公布的全消耗最大运力，不代表回收任务实际成交价、边际成本或 SpaceX 内部星链发射成本。","source":"https://www.spacex.com/media/Capabilities%26Services.pdf"},"launches":[{"date":"2010.06.04","mission":"首次飞行","result":"成功","note":"龙飞船模拟载荷进入预定轨道。"},{"date":"2012.05.22","mission":"COTS 2 / Dragon","result":"成功","note":"龙飞船成为首艘访问国际空间站的商业航天器。"},{"date":"2015.12.22","mission":"Orbcomm-OG2","result":"成功","note":"一级首次在陆上着陆区完成垂直回收。"},{"date":"2017.03.30","mission":"SES-10","result":"成功","note":"首次复飞并再次回收一枚执行过轨道任务的一级。"},{"date":"2020.05.30","mission":"Crew Dragon Demo-2","result":"成功","note":"美国本土恢复载人轨道发射。"},{"date":"2021.09.16","mission":"Inspiration4","result":"成功","note":"完成首次全平民轨道飞行。"},{"date":"2021.11.24","mission":"DART","result":"成功","note":"06:21 UTC 发射 NASA 行星防御试验器，后续成功改变小行星卫星轨道。","source":"https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/watch-nasas-dart-mission-launch-double-asteroid-redirection-test-official-broadcast-stream/"},{"date":"2024.09.10","mission":"Polaris Dawn","result":"成功","note":"执行高椭圆轨道商业载人任务并完成商业太空行走。"},{"date":"2026.07.10","mission":"Starlink 任务","result":"成功","note":"SpaceX 官方档案所列截至本站数据日期的近期猎鹰9任务之一。"}]},{"slug":"falcon-heavy","name":"猎鹰重型","en":"Falcon Heavy","country":"美国","flag":"🇺🇸","agency":"SpaceX","status":"在役 · 超重型","className":"部分可重复使用超重型火箭","debut":2018,"image":"/rockets/falcon-heavy-new.jpg","imageCredit":"NASA / Kim Shiflett（美国政府公有领域影像）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Falcon_Heavy_despegando_01.jpg","source":"https://www.spacex.com/vehicles/falcon-heavy","sourceLabel":"SpaceX","launchSite":"美国肯尼迪航天中心 LC-39A","launchScope":"截至 2026 年 7 月的猎鹰重型历次轨道发射记录。","intro":"由三个猎鹰 9 一级芯级并联而成，以现役商业火箭中领先的高能轨道能力服务大型军用卫星和深空任务。","role":"承担大型地球同步轨道卫星、直接入轨、高能深空探测器以及需要超大运力余量的任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"70 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"1,421 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力（全消耗最大）","value":"63.8 t"},{"label":"GTO 运力（全消耗最大）","value":"26.7 t"},{"label":"一级发动机","value":"27 × Merlin 1D"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / RP-1"}],"features":[{"title":"三芯并联","text":"两个侧助推器与中央芯级共同提供起飞推力，侧助推器通常可同步返回。"},{"title":"高能任务","text":"性能余量允许直接前往高轨或深空，减少载荷自带推进剂消耗。"},{"title":"按需回收","text":"回收方案取决于任务能量；最苛刻任务可能消耗中央芯级或全部一级。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2018.02.06","mission":"Demo Flight / Tesla Roadster","result":"成功","note":"首飞并实现两枚侧助推器同步着陆。"},{"date":"2019.04.11","mission":"Arabsat-6A","result":"成功","note":"首次商业任务，三枚一级芯级均完成着陆；中央芯级后在运输中损失。"},{"date":"2019.06.25","mission":"STP-2","result":"成功","note":"复杂多轨道示范任务，一次部署 24 个航天器。"},{"date":"2022.11.01","mission":"USSF-44","result":"成功","note":"首次执行美国国家安全任务并直接注入高轨。"},{"date":"2023.01.15","mission":"USSF-67","result":"成功","note":"执行国家安全高轨任务，两个侧助推器返回陆地。"},{"date":"2023.04.30","mission":"ViaSat-3 Americas","result":"成功","note":"采用全消耗构型执行高能量地球同步转移轨道任务。"},{"date":"2023.07.29","mission":"Jupiter-3","result":"成功","note":"发射当时质量最大的商业通信卫星之一。"},{"date":"2023.10.13","mission":"Psyche","result":"成功","note":"发射 NASA 金属小行星探测器。"},{"date":"2023.12.28","mission":"USSF-52 / X-37B","result":"成功","note":"首次为 X-37B 空天飞机执行发射。"},{"date":"2024.06.25","mission":"GOES-U","result":"成功","note":"发射新一代地球静止轨道气象卫星。"},{"date":"2024.10.14","mission":"Europa Clipper","result":"成功","note":"发射 NASA 木卫二探测器，进入深空转移轨道。"},{"date":"2026.04.29","mission":"ViaSat-3 F3","result":"成功","note":"发射通信卫星进入地球同步转移轨道；两枚侧助推器返回着陆区。"}]},{"slug":"starship","name":"星舰","en":"Starship","country":"美国","flag":"🇺🇸","agency":"SpaceX","status":"综合飞行试验 · 尚未常态化运营","className":"全复用超重型运载系统","debut":2023,"image":"/rockets/starship.jpg","imageCredit":"SpaceX 官方影像 / 第 12 次飞行试验","imageSource":"https://www.spacex.com/launches/starship-flight-12","source":"https://content.spacex.com/cms-assets/FINAL_Documents%20and%20Updates/SpaceX%20-%20EU%20Prospectus%20%28Approved%20by%20Bafin%29%20-%20June%205%2C%202026.pdf","sourceLabel":"SpaceX 2026 官方文件","launchSite":"美国得州 Starbase","launchScope":"星舰综合飞行试验全记录；“成功/部分成功”按主要试验目标完成程度标示，不等同于投入运营。","intro":"由“超级重型”助推器与“星舰”上面级组成的全复用超重型系统。它已完成多轮综合飞行试验，但截至 2026 年 7 月仍未进入常态化轨道发射运营。","role":"SpaceX 将其设计用于大规模近地轨道运输、在轨加注、月球与火星任务；这些长期用途仍取决于后续试飞、复用周转和任务认证。","stats":[{"label":"全箭高度","value":"124 m（V3）"},{"label":"直径","value":"9 m"},{"label":"设计 LEO 运力","value":"100 t（V3 全复用目标）"},{"label":"助推器发动机","value":"33 × Raptor"},{"label":"上面级发动机","value":"6 × Raptor"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / 液态甲烷"}],"features":[{"title":"全复用目标","text":"助推器和上面级均设计返回并由发射塔捕获；这仍是目标状态，不能等同于已经实现常态化快速复飞。"},{"title":"超大运力设计","text":"SpaceX 2026 年文件给出的 V3 预期运力为 100 吨；约 200 吨属于后续代际设想，不是 V3 已验证能力。本站不把设计值放入现役运力排行。"},{"title":"热分离与甲烷动力","text":"两级均使用 Raptor 液氧甲烷发动机，并以热分离、再入热防护和在轨加注为后续深空任务打基础。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2023.04.20","mission":"第 1 次综合飞行试验","result":"失败","note":"全箭首次起飞，未完成级间分离，随后触发飞行终止系统。"},{"date":"2023.11.18","mission":"第 2 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"首次完成热分离；助推器与上面级随后均未完成计划飞行。"},{"date":"2024.03.14","mission":"第 3 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"上面级首次达到接近轨道速度，完成载荷舱门与推进剂转移演示后在再入中失联。"},{"date":"2024.06.06","mission":"第 4 次综合飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"助推器和上面级均完成受控再入并在预定海域溅落。"},{"date":"2024.10.13","mission":"第 5 次综合飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"发射塔机械臂首次捕获返回的超级重型助推器。"},{"date":"2024.11.19","mission":"第 6 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"因助推器捕获条件未满足而改为海上溅落；上面级完成在太空点火演示。"},{"date":"2025.01.16","mission":"第 7 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"助推器再次被发射塔捕获，上面级在上升段失联。"},{"date":"2025.03.06","mission":"第 8 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"助推器完成捕获，上面级在上升段失控并解体。"},{"date":"2025.05.27","mission":"第 9 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"首次复飞超级重型助推器；上面级进入太空后失去姿态控制并提前再入。"},{"date":"2025.08.26","mission":"第 10 次综合飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"完成主要飞行目标，包括载荷模拟物部署、在轨点火与受控再入试验。"},{"date":"2025.10.13","mission":"第 11 次综合飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"SpaceX 表示第二代星舰的最后一次飞行完成全部主要试验目标。"},{"date":"2026.05.22","mission":"第 12 次综合飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"V3 构型与 Raptor 3 首飞；上面级完成太空飞行，助推器返程异常并硬溅落，FAA 要求事故调查。"}]},{"slug":"vulcan-centaur","name":"火神半人马","en":"Vulcan Centaur","country":"美国","flag":"🇺🇸","agency":"United Launch 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使用氢氧发动机并可多次启动，适合复杂高能轨道。"},{"title":"国家安全定位","text":"设计重点包括高可靠任务保证、长滑行段和多轨道部署。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2024.01.08","mission":"Cert-1 / Peregrine","result":"成功","note":"火箭飞行成功；月球着陆器后续因自身故障未能着陆。"},{"date":"2024.10.04","mission":"Cert-2","result":"成功","note":"一枚固体助推器喷管异常，但运载器仍完成目标入轨。"},{"date":"2025.08.12","mission":"USSF-106","result":"成功","note":"首次执行美国国家安全任务，将 NTS-3 等载荷送入高能轨道。"},{"date":"2026.02.12","mission":"USSF-87","result":"成功","note":"将两颗 GSSAP 卫星直接送入地球同步轨道；一枚固体助推器出现性能异常并触发调查。"}]},{"slug":"new-glenn","name":"新格伦","en":"New Glenn","country":"美国","flag":"🇺🇸","agency":"Blue Origin","status":"初期运营 · 重型","className":"可重复使用重型火箭","debut":2025,"image":"/rockets/new-glenn.jpg","imageCredit":"Wikimedia Commons / Blue Origin 影像","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=New%20Glenn%20launch","source":"https://www.blueorigin.com/new-glenn","sourceLabel":"Blue Origin","launchSite":"美国卡纳维拉尔角 LC-36","launchScope":"新格伦截至 2026 年 7 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7","result":"成功","note":"第三次飞行将大型直连手机通信卫星送入低轨。"}]},{"slug":"electron","name":"电子号","en":"Electron","country":"新西兰","flag":"🇳🇿","agency":"Rocket Lab","status":"在役 · 轻型","className":"小型轨道运载火箭","debut":2017,"image":"/rockets/electron.jpg","imageCredit":"NASA（美国政府作品，公有领域）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ksc-20230501-ph-nas01-0003large.jpg","source":"https://www.rocketlabusa.com/assets/Electron-Payload-User-Guide-7.0-v6.pdf","sourceLabel":"Rocket Lab 用户指南","launchSite":"新西兰玛希亚 LC-1 / 美国沃洛普斯 LC-2","launchScope":"电子号已执行数十次任务，本站列出首飞、首次入轨、失败调查、深空与国家任务等关键节点。","intro":"专为小卫星定制发射设计的轻型火箭，以碳复合材料箭体、电泵发动机和可选 Kick Stage 提供灵活轨道部署。","role":"为小卫星提供专属发射时间和轨道，避免在大型火箭拼车任务中受主载荷计划约束。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"18 m"},{"label":"直径","value":"1.2 m"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"300 kg"},{"label":"SSO 运力","value":"约 200 kg"},{"label":"一级发动机","value":"9 × Rutherford"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / RP-1"}],"features":[{"title":"电泵发动机","text":"Rutherford 使用电动泵供给推进剂，简化涡轮泵系统并适配小型火箭。"},{"title":"碳纤维箭体","text":"推进剂贮箱与结构广泛采用碳复合材料，以降低结构质量。"},{"title":"Kick Stage","text":"可选末级能够多次点火，将多颗卫星部署到不同轨道或执行深空任务。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2017.05.25","mission":"It's a Test","result":"部分成功","note":"首飞进入太空，但因地面遥测问题提前终止。"},{"date":"2018.01.21","mission":"Still Testing","result":"成功","note":"首次成功进入轨道。"},{"date":"2020.11.20","mission":"Return to Sender","result":"成功","note":"完成轨道发射并首次让一级受控溅落回收，为复用试验积累数据。"},{"date":"2022.06.28","mission":"CAPSTONE","result":"成功","note":"将 NASA 月球轨道探路者送往月球。"},{"date":"2023.09.19","mission":"We Will Never Desert You","result":"失败","note":"二级点火后不久异常，任务失利；Rocket Lab 随后完成调查与整改。"},{"date":"2024.03.21","mission":"NROL-123","result":"成功","note":"完成从美国发射场执行的国家侦察局任务。"}]},{"slug":"soyuz-2-1b","name":"联盟 2.1b","en":"Soyuz 2.1b","country":"俄罗斯","flag":"🇷🇺","agency":"Progress RCC / Roscosmos","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"中型运载火箭","debut":2006,"image":"/rockets/soyuz-2-1b.jpg","imageCredit":"Wikimedia Commons / Roscosmos 影像","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Soyuz%202.1b%20launch","source":"https://www.roscosmos.ru/tag/vostochnihy/","sourceLabel":"Roscosmos","launchSite":"普列谢茨克 / 东方 / 拜科努尔航天发射场","launchScope":"联盟2.1b为高频在役型号，本站列出首飞、星座组网与近期代表性任务。","intro":"源自 R-7 家族的数字化改进型号。2.1b 采用推力更高的 RD-0124 三级发动机，并常与 Fregat 上面级组合执行复杂轨道任务。","role":"承担导航、气象、遥感、军用卫星和一箭多星任务，可从拜科努尔、普列谢茨克与东方航天发射场起飞。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"约 46.3 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 312 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"约 8.2 t"},{"label":"SSO 运力","value":"约 4.9 t"},{"label":"级数","value":"3 级 + 可选 Fregat"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / 煤油"}],"features":[{"title":"R-7 血统","text":"保留四助推器“十字架”布局，同时更新数字飞控和三级动力。"},{"title":"Fregat 上面级","text":"可多次点火并进行长时间滑行，适合导航星座与多轨道部署。"},{"title":"多发射场","text":"适配俄罗斯不同纬度发射场，任务能力随发射点与目标倾角变化。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2006.12.27","mission":"COROT","result":"成功","note":"联盟 2.1b 完成首次发射。"},{"date":"2020.12.18","mission":"OneWeb 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t"},{"label":"GTO 运力","value":"约 5.4 t（依上面级）"},{"label":"一级模块","value":"5 × URM-1"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / 煤油"}],"features":[{"title":"通用模块","text":"以相同 URM-1 模块组合轻型和重型火箭，降低家族研制与生产复杂度。"},{"title":"境内发射","text":"配合普列谢茨克和东方发射场，降低对境外拜科努尔发射场的依赖。"},{"title":"上面级演进","text":"可配 Briz-M、Persei/DM 系列以及规划中的氢氧上面级；5.4 t GTO 不能脱离上面级与发射场条件理解。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2014.12.23","mission":"首次飞行试验","result":"成功","note":"从普列谢茨克完成重型构型首飞。"},{"date":"2020.12.14","mission":"第二次试飞","result":"成功","note":"完成六年后的第二次验证飞行。"},{"date":"2021.12.27","mission":"Persei 上面级试验","result":"部分成功","note":"火箭本体正常，上面级未将模拟载荷送入目标轨道。"},{"date":"2024.04.11","mission":"东方发射场首飞","result":"成功","note":"首次从东方航天发射场起飞。"}]},{"slug":"ariane-62","name":"阿丽亚娜 62","en":"Ariane 62","country":"欧洲","flag":"🇪🇺","agency":"ArianeGroup / ESA / Arianespace","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"欧洲中型运载火箭","debut":2024,"image":"/rockets/ariane-62.jpg","imageCredit":"ESA / Wikimedia Commons（阿丽亚娜 6 发射台影像）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_6_on_pad.jpg","source":"https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Transportation/Launch_vehicles/Ariane_6_overview","sourceLabel":"欧洲航天局","launchSite":"法属圭亚那欧洲航天港 ELA-4","launchScope":"阿丽亚娜62构型截至 2026 年 7 月的已执行任务记录。","intro":"阿丽亚娜 6 的双助推器构型，以较低成本承担欧洲政府任务、中型商业载荷和复杂多轨道部署。","role":"保障欧洲自主进入太空，覆盖低轨遥感、导航、气象、科学与中型地球同步转移轨道任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"超过 60 m"},{"label":"固体助推器","value":"2 × P120C/P160C"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"约 10.3 t"},{"label":"GTO 运力","value":"约 4.5 t"},{"label":"芯级发动机","value":"Vulcain 2.1"},{"label":"上面级","value":"Vinci（可多次启动）"}],"features":[{"title":"可重启上面级","text":"Vinci 可多次启动，支持多星部署、不同轨道注入与任务后离轨。"},{"title":"双助推构型","text":"A62 在成本与中型任务性能间平衡，是欧洲政府任务的核心构型。"},{"title":"欧洲供应链","text":"由 13 个欧洲国家数百家企业参与，法属圭亚那航天中心负责发射。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2024.07.09","mission":"VA262 首飞","result":"部分成功","note":"主要载荷成功部署；上面级末次重启异常，两个返回舱未释放。"},{"date":"2025.03.06","mission":"CSO-3","result":"成功","note":"完成阿丽亚娜 6 首次商业运营飞行。"},{"date":"2025.08.12","mission":"VA264 / Metop-SG A1","result":"成功","note":"将欧洲新一代极轨气象卫星送入太阳同步轨道。"},{"date":"2025.11.04","mission":"Sentinel-1D","result":"成功","note":"发射欧洲哥白尼雷达遥感卫星。"}]},{"slug":"ariane-64","name":"阿丽亚娜 64","en":"Ariane 64","country":"欧洲","flag":"🇪🇺","agency":"ArianeGroup / ESA / Arianespace","status":"在役 · 重型","className":"欧洲重型运载火箭","debut":2026,"image":"/rockets/ariane-64.jpg","imageCredit":"ESA / Wikimedia Commons（P160C 构型影像）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ariane_6_with_P160C_Boosters.jpg","source":"https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/Ariane_6_launches_with_more_powerful_boosters_a_new_record_for_Europe","sourceLabel":"欧洲航天局","launchSite":"法属圭亚那欧洲航天港 ELA-4","launchScope":"阿丽亚娜64构型截至 2026 年 7 月的全部已执行任务。","intro":"阿丽亚娜 6 的四助推器构型，运力约为 A62 的两倍，是欧洲当前面向大型星座和重型高轨载荷的最强火箭。","role":"承担大型低轨星座批量发射、双星高轨任务以及需要欧洲自主重型运力的政府与商业任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"超过 60 m"},{"label":"固体助推器","value":"4 × P120C/P160C"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"约 21.6 t"},{"label":"GTO 运力","value":"约 11.5 t"},{"label":"芯级发动机","value":"Vulcain 2.1"},{"label":"上面级","value":"Vinci（可多次启动）"}],"features":[{"title":"四助推器","text":"四枚大型固体助推器显著提高起飞推力与低轨/高轨运力。"},{"title":"大型星座","text":"能够一次批量部署数十颗宽带通信卫星，提高欧洲星座发射效率。"},{"title":"持续升级","text":"P160C 增加推进剂装量，可进一步提高约 15% 的发射性能。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2026.02.12","mission":"Ariane 64 首飞 / Amazon Leo","result":"成功","note":"一次部署 32 颗低轨宽带卫星。","source":"https://www.esa.int/Newsroom/Press_Releases/More_boosters_more_power_Ariane_6_lifts_off_with_four_boosters_for_the_first_time"},{"date":"2026.06.17","mission":"VA269 / Amazon Leo","result":"成功","note":"P160C 助推器首飞，部署 36 星并刷新欧洲单次运载纪录。"}]},{"slug":"vega-c","name":"织女星 C","en":"Vega C","country":"欧洲","flag":"🇪🇺","agency":"Avio / ESA / Arianespace","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"中型固体运载火箭","debut":2022,"image":"/rockets/vega-c-new.jpg","imageCredit":"ESA / S. Corvaja（ESA Standard Licence）","imageSource":"https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Images/2025/04/Vega-C_VV26","source":"https://www.arianespace.com/vehicle/vega-c/","sourceLabel":"Arianespace","launchSite":"法属圭亚那欧洲航天港 ELV","launchScope":"织女星C截至 2026 年 7 月的全部已执行任务。","intro":"织女星家族的升级型号，使用更强的 P120C 一级并扩大整流罩，专注极轨、太阳同步轨道和科学小卫星任务。","role":"为欧洲中小型遥感、科学和安全载荷提供独立发射，并可通过多星适配器执行拼车任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"34.8 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 210 t"},{"label":"700 km 极轨","value":"约 2.3 t"},{"label":"整流罩直径","value":"3.3 m"},{"label":"级数","value":"3 固体级 + 液体上面级"},{"label":"运营方","value":"Arianespace"}],"features":[{"title":"固体主级","text":"前三个主级均采用固体推进，结构紧凑、推力高，适合轻型极轨任务。"},{"title":"AVUM+ 上面级","text":"液体上面级可多次点火，提供精确入轨与多星部署能力。"},{"title":"与阿丽亚娜共用","text":"P120C 同时用于阿丽亚娜 6 助推器，形成欧洲发射器协同供应链。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2022.07.13","mission":"LARES-2 首飞","result":"成功","note":"完成升级型号首次飞行。"},{"date":"2022.12.21","mission":"VV22 / Pléiades Neo 5/6","result":"失败","note":"Zefiro 40 二级异常导致任务失败。"},{"date":"2024.12.05","mission":"Sentinel-1C","result":"成功","note":"停飞整改后成功恢复飞行。"},{"date":"2025.04.29","mission":"ESA Biomass","result":"成功","note":"发射森林生物量雷达科学卫星。"},{"date":"2025.07.26","mission":"VV27 / MicroCarb","result":"成功","note":"将法国二氧化碳监测卫星送入太阳同步轨道。"},{"date":"2025.12.01","mission":"VV28 / KOMPSAT-7","result":"成功","note":"发射韩国高分辨率地球观测卫星。"},{"date":"2026.05.19","mission":"VV29 / SMILE","result":"成功","note":"发射中欧联合太阳风—磁层相互作用探测任务。"}]},{"slug":"lvm3","name":"LVM3","en":"Launch Vehicle Mark-3","country":"印度","flag":"🇮🇳","agency":"ISRO","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"印度中型运载火箭","debut":2014,"image":"/rockets/lvm3.jpg","imageCredit":"Wikimedia Commons / ISRO 影像","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=LVM3%20launch","source":"https://www.isro.gov.in/Launchers.html","sourceLabel":"印度空间研究组织","launchSite":"印度萨蒂什·达万航天中心","launchScope":"LVM3轨道任务与关键亚轨道验证任务记录。","intro":"印度现役运力最大的火箭，曾称 GSLV Mk III。两枚大型固体助推器、液体芯级和氢氧上面级构成独特三级体系。","role":"承担大型通信卫星、月球探测、商业星座发射，并作为 Gaganyaan 印度载人航天计划的基础运载器。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"43.5 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 640 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"10 t"},{"label":"GTO 运力","value":"4 t"},{"label":"助推器","value":"2 × S200"},{"label":"上面级","value":"C25 氢氧级"}],"features":[{"title":"大推力固体助推","text":"两枚 S200 提供主要起飞推力，中间 L110 液体芯级稍后点火。"},{"title":"国产氢氧级","text":"C25 上面级使用 CE-20 发动机，是印度高轨与深空能力关键。"},{"title":"载人基础","text":"通过发动机降推力、冗余与逃逸系统等改进形成载人认证构型。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2014.12.18","mission":"CARE 亚轨道试验","result":"成功","note":"验证箭体与载人舱大气再入。"},{"date":"2017.06.05","mission":"GSLV Mk III-D1 / GSAT-19","result":"成功","note":"首次完成轨道发射，验证国产氢氧上面级。"},{"date":"2019.07.22","mission":"Chandrayaan-2","result":"成功","note":"将月球轨道器、着陆器与月球车送入转移轨道。"},{"date":"2022.10.23","mission":"LVM3-M2 / OneWeb India-1","result":"成功","note":"首次商业任务，一次部署 36 颗低轨通信卫星。"},{"date":"2023.03.26","mission":"LVM3-M3 / OneWeb India-2","result":"成功","note":"再次部署 36 星，完成 OneWeb 第一代星座全球覆盖所需发射。"},{"date":"2023.07.14","mission":"Chandrayaan-3","result":"成功","note":"发射印度首次月面软着陆任务。"},{"date":"2025.12.24","mission":"BlueBird Block-2","result":"成功","note":"执行大型商业通信卫星发射。"}]},{"slug":"pslv","name":"PSLV","en":"Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle","country":"印度","flag":"🇮🇳","agency":"ISRO","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"印度极轨运载火箭","debut":1993,"image":"/rockets/pslv.jpg","imageCredit":"Wikimedia Commons / ISRO 影像","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=PSLV%20launch","source":"https://www.isro.gov.in/ISRO_EN/PSLV_CON.html","sourceLabel":"印度空间研究组织","launchSite":"印度萨蒂什·达万航天中心","launchScope":"PSLV为长期高频型号，本站列出失败、首次成功、深空与多星部署等关键节点。","intro":"印度航天的长期主力，以固液交替四级和多种助推器配置闻名，尤其擅长太阳同步轨道与一箭多星任务。","role":"执行地球观测、导航、科学探测、商业拼车，并曾把月球与火星探测器送入初始转移轨道。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"约 44 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"最高约 320 t"},{"label":"LEO 参考能力","value":"约 3.8 t（XL）"},{"label":"SSO 运力","value":"1.75 t（XL）"},{"label":"级数","value":"4 级固液交替"},{"label":"构型","value":"CA / DL / QL / XL"}],"features":[{"title":"多种助推构型","text":"CA、DL、QL、XL 分别使用 0、2、4、6 枚固体助推器；页面所列最高能力不能套用于所有构型。"},{"title":"成熟多星部署","text":"积累大量商业拼车与多卫星分离经验，曾一次部署 104 颗卫星。"},{"title":"PS4 轨道平台","text":"末级可在完成入轨后作为 POEM 实验平台继续提供电源与姿态控制。"}],"launches":[{"date":"1993.09.20","mission":"D1 首飞","result":"失败","note":"姿态控制异常，未进入目标轨道。"},{"date":"1994.10.15","mission":"D2 / IRS-P2","result":"成功","note":"首次取得完整成功。"},{"date":"2008.10.22","mission":"PSLV-C11 / Chandrayaan-1","result":"成功","note":"发射印度首个月球探测器。"},{"date":"2013.11.05","mission":"PSLV-C25 / Mars Orbiter Mission","result":"成功","note":"将印度首个火星探测器送入地球停泊轨道。"},{"date":"2015.09.28","mission":"PSLV-C30 / AstroSat","result":"成功","note":"发射印度首个多波段空间天文台。"},{"date":"2017.02.15","mission":"Cartosat-2D + 103 星","result":"成功","note":"一次发射 104 颗卫星，创当时世界纪录。"},{"date":"2023.09.02","mission":"Aditya-L1","result":"成功","note":"发射印度首个太阳观测任务。"}]},{"slug":"h3","name":"H3","en":"H3 Launch Vehicle","country":"日本","flag":"🇯🇵","agency":"JAXA / Mitsubishi Heavy Industries","status":"现役体系 · 整改准备","className":"日本新一代中型主力火箭","debut":2023,"image":"/rockets/h3.jpg","imageCredit":"JAXA / Wikimedia Commons（H3 四号机发射）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:2024.11.04_H3%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%884%E5%8F%B7%E6%A9%9F%E3%81%8D%E3%82%89%E3%82%81%E3%81%8D%EF%BC%93%E5%8F%B7%E6%89%93%E4%B8%8A%E3%81%92.jpg","source":"https://global.jaxa.jp/projects/rockets/h3/","sourceLabel":"JAXA","launchSite":"日本种子岛宇宙中心","launchScope":"H3截至 2026 年 7 月的历次关键飞行记录。","intro":"日本用于接替 H-IIA 的新一代主力火箭，以简化结构、商业化供应链和多构型降低发射成本。2025 年末一次任务失败后进入调查与恢复阶段。","role":"保障日本政府、导航、遥感、科学和商业卫星发射，并为 HTV-X 空间站货运飞船提供运载能力。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"约 57—63 m（依构型）"},{"label":"芯级发动机","value":"2 或 3 × LE-9"},{"label":"SSO 目标运力","value":"4.0 t"},{"label":"GTO 目标运力","value":"6.5 t 以上"},{"label":"助推器","value":"0 / 2 / 4 × SRB-3"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氢 / 液氧 + 固体"}],"features":[{"title":"膨胀排放循环","text":"LE-9 采用日本擅长的膨胀排放循环，目标是减少零件数量并降低成本。"},{"title":"灵活构型","text":"发动机、固体助推器和整流罩可组合，覆盖轻型低轨到重型高轨任务。"},{"title":"LEO 数据边界","text":"JAXA 与三菱重工当前公开 500 km SSO 4 吨以上、GTO 6.5 吨以上，没有给出一个可直接横向比较的统一 LEO 上限；本站不采用二手估算补值。"},{"title":"发射流程缩短","text":"JAXA 目标是将总装、卫星封装等准备时间缩短到 H-IIA 的一半以下。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2023.03.07","mission":"TF1 / ALOS-3","result":"失败","note":"二级发动机未点火，任务损失。"},{"date":"2024.02.17","mission":"TF2","result":"成功","note":"第二次试飞成功，验证整改有效。"},{"date":"2024.07.01","mission":"ALOS-4","result":"成功","note":"首次发射大型实用遥感卫星。"},{"date":"2024.11.04","mission":"F4 / Kirameki-3","result":"成功","note":"发射日本防卫通信卫星，首次使用长整流罩构型。"},{"date":"2025.02.02","mission":"F5 / QZS-6","result":"成功","note":"发射日本准天顶卫星系统第 6 颗卫星。"},{"date":"2025.06.29","mission":"F7 / GOSAT-GW","result":"成功","note":"发射温室气体与水循环观测卫星。"},{"date":"2025.10.26","mission":"F6 / HTV-X1","result":"成功","note":"首次发射新一代空间站货运飞船 HTV-X。"},{"date":"2025.12.22","mission":"F8 / QZS-5","result":"失败","note":"任务失败后成立特别工作组，后续发射推迟。"}]},{"slug":"nuri","name":"世界号","en":"Nuri / KSLV-II","country":"韩国","flag":"🇰🇷","agency":"Korea Aerospace Research Institute","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"韩国国产轨道运载火箭","debut":2021,"image":"/rockets/nuri.jpg","imageCredit":"Wikimedia Commons / KARI 影像","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=Nuri%20rocket%20launch","source":"https://www.kari.re.kr/eng/contents/178","sourceLabel":"韩国航空宇宙研究院","launchSite":"韩国罗老宇宙中心","launchScope":"世界号截至 2026 年 7 月的全部已执行飞行记录。","intro":"韩国首型主要依靠本国技术完成设计、制造与测试的轨道火箭，以 75 吨级液体发动机集群建立自主发射能力。","role":"发射韩国实用卫星与技术验证载荷，并为未来更大运力和商业化发射体系积累发动机与系统工程能力。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"47.2 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 200 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"约 2.6 t"},{"label":"600—800 km SSO","value":"1.5 t"},{"label":"一级发动机","value":"4 × 75 t 级"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / 煤油"}],"features":[{"title":"国产发动机集群","text":"一级并联四台 75 吨级发动机，二级使用单台同系列发动机。"},{"title":"全液体三级","text":"三级使用 7 吨级液氧煤油发动机，支持精确将实用卫星送入低轨。"},{"title":"能力起点","text":"项目建立韩国从发动机到整箭试验设施的完整自主研制链条。"}],"launches":[{"date":"2021.10.21","mission":"首次飞行试验","result":"部分成功","note":"达到预定高度，三级提前关机导致模拟载荷未入轨。"},{"date":"2022.06.21","mission":"第二次飞行","result":"成功","note":"韩国国产火箭首次成功进入轨道。"},{"date":"2023.05.25","mission":"NEXTSAT-2 + CubeSats","result":"成功","note":"首次运送实用卫星并完成多星部署。"},{"date":"2025.11.27","mission":"第四次飞行 / CAS500-3 等","result":"成功","note":"进入民间主导的重复发射阶段，并完成多颗卫星部署。"}]},{"slug":"long-march-6a","name":"长征六号改","en":"Long March 6A","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"中国航天科技集团 / 上海航天技术研究院","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"固液组合中型运载火箭","debut":2022,"image":"/rockets/long-march-6a.png","imageCredit":"中国航天科技集团官方产品图","imageSource":"https://www.spacechina.com/n25/n146/n238/n12985/c3961269/content.html","source":"https://www.spacechina.com/n25/n146/n238/n12985/c3961269/content.html","sourceLabel":"中国航天科技集团","launchSite":"太原卫星发射中心","launchScope":"收录首飞与具有代表性的组网任务；官方未提供可供逐项复核的统一完整任务数据库。","intro":"中国首型固体捆绑中型运载火箭，以液氧煤油芯级配合四枚固体助推器，面向太阳同步轨道遥感与星座组网任务。","role":"以不低于 4 吨的 700 km 太阳同步轨道能力，填补中国固液组合中型运载器的任务区间。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"约 50 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 530 t"},{"label":"700 km SSO","value":"≥4.0 t"},{"label":"构型","value":"液体芯级 + 4 固体助推器"},{"label":"芯级推进剂","value":"液氧 / 煤油"},{"label":"首飞","value":"2022"}],"features":[{"title":"固液跨界","text":"液体芯级提供较高性能与较长工作时间，固体助推器提供高起飞推力并简化维护。"},{"title":"中轨组网","text":"重点服务太阳同步轨道遥感和批量卫星部署。"},{"title":"数据边界","text":"制造商公开的是 700 km SSO 不低于 4 吨；未给出可直接横比的统一 LEO 最大值。"}],"capabilityMatrix":[{"configuration":"CZ-6A 标准构型","launchSite":"太原","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"700 km SSO","payload":"≥4.0 t","note":"制造商公开口径。"}],"fairing":{"diameter":"未统一公开","note":"官方产品页未公布可供任务适配使用的完整整流罩包络，本站不采用二手推测。"},"economics":{"publicPrice":"未公开统一报价","priceType":"未公开","estimate":"不计算","denominator":"缺少可比商业报价","note":"官方仅作相对成本表述，没有公布标准商业发射价或内部单次成本。"},"launches":[{"date":"2022.03.29","mission":"长征六号改首飞","result":"成功","note":"中国首型固体捆绑中型火箭完成首次轨道发射。"},{"date":"2024.08.06","mission":"卫星互联网高轨卫星","result":"成功","note":"执行卫星互联网相关组网任务。"},{"date":"2025.12.31","mission":"实践二十九号","result":"成功","note":"中国航天科技集团 2025 年宇航发射任务收官。"}]},{"slug":"gravity-1","name":"引力一号","en":"Gravity-1","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"东方空间","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"全固体捆绑式中型运载火箭","debut":2024,"image":"/rockets/gravity-1.jpg","imageCredit":"东方空间官方产品影像","imageSource":"https://www.orienspace.com/productPage","source":"https://www.orienspace.com/productPage","sourceLabel":"东方空间","launchSite":"山东海阳附近海上发射平台","launchScope":"引力一号发射频次仍较低，按已公开任务节点收录。","intro":"全球首创的全固体捆绑式中型运载火箭，以四枚固体助推器和大直径整流罩服务中小卫星批量组网。","role":"在海上发射体系中提供 6.5 吨 LEO 与 4.2 吨 500 km SSO 标称能力。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"30 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"405 t"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"6.5 t"},{"label":"500 km SSO","value":"4.2 t"},{"label":"整流罩直径","value":"4.2 m"},{"label":"起飞推力","value":"600 t"}],"features":[{"title":"全固体捆绑","text":"芯级与四枚助推器均使用固体发动机，形成三级半构型。"},{"title":"海上发射","text":"以海上平台降低落区约束，并服务不同轨道倾角任务。"},{"title":"大空间","text":"4.2 米整流罩为批量卫星和较大体积载荷提供包络。"}],"capabilityMatrix":[{"configuration":"全固体标准构型","launchSite":"海阳海上平台","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"LEO","payload":"6.5 t"},{"configuration":"全固体标准构型","launchSite":"海阳海上平台","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"500 km SSO","payload":"4.2 t"}],"fairing":{"diameter":"4.2 m","note":"制造商公开直径；未公布完整可用动态包络高度。"},"economics":{"publicPrice":"未公开统一报价","priceType":"未公开","estimate":"不计算","denominator":"缺少可比商业报价","note":"企业没有在公开产品页给出标准整箭商业报价，不能把融资、合同总额或拼车单价当作单次发射价。"},"launches":[{"date":"2024.01.11","mission":"引力一号遥一","result":"成功","note":"完成首次飞行并将多颗卫星送入预定轨道。"},{"date":"2025.10.11","mission":"引力一号遥二","result":"成功","note":"完成第二次海上发射任务。"}]},{"slug":"zhuque-2e","name":"朱雀二号改进型","en":"Zhuque-2E","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"蓝箭航天","status":"在役 · 中型","className":"液氧甲烷中型运载火箭","debut":2024,"image":"/rockets/zhuque-2e.jpg","imageCredit":"蓝箭航天官方任务影像","imageSource":"https://www.landspace.com/news-detail.html?itemid=73","source":"https://www.landspace.com/news-detail.html?itemid=73","sourceLabel":"蓝箭航天","launchSite":"酒泉卫星发射中心","launchScope":"从改进型遥一开始收录代表性任务；早期朱雀二号基础型不混入本页首飞年份。","intro":"中国现役液氧甲烷中型火箭代表型号，在朱雀二号基础上提升结构、二级动力、整流罩与批量交付能力。","role":"服务卫星互联网组网和商业多星发射，并为后续可重复使用甲烷火箭积累工程经验。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"47.3 m（遥一）"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"约 219 t（遥一）"},{"label":"LEO 运力","value":"6.0 t"},{"label":"500 km SSO","value":"4.0 t"},{"label":"箭体直径","value":"3.35 m"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧 / 液态甲烷"}],"features":[{"title":"甲烷动力","text":"两级均使用液氧甲烷发动机，兼顾清洁燃烧、可维护性与后续复用技术延伸。"},{"title":"持续改进","text":"后续任务引入 4.2 米整流罩、气动推杆级间分离和 3D 打印二级机架。"},{"title":"高频组网","text":"改进型面向平板卫星多星组网与快速交付，并与朱雀三号形成产品组合。"}],"capabilityMatrix":[{"configuration":"改进型 / 3.35 m 整流罩","launchSite":"酒泉","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"500 km SSO","payload":"4.0 t"},{"configuration":"改进型 / 4.2 m 整流罩","launchSite":"酒泉","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"LEO","payload":"6.0 t","note":"2026 年企业公开的现役能力口径。"}],"fairing":{"diameter":"3.35 / 4.2 m","height":"8.7 m（4.2 m 构型）","note":"不同任务可采用不同整流罩；4.2 米复合材料整流罩已完成飞行应用。"},"economics":{"publicPrice":"未公开统一报价","priceType":"未公开","estimate":"不计算","denominator":"缺少可比商业报价","note":"蓝箭未公布统一的整箭商业报价；公开客户项目金额也不能直接等同于单次发射价格。"},"launches":[{"date":"2024.11.27","mission":"改进型遥一","result":"成功","note":"改进型首次飞行，将光传 01、02 试验星送入预定轨道。"},{"date":"2025.05.17","mission":"改进型遥二","result":"成功","note":"首次使用 4.2 米大直径整流罩并完成多星部署。"},{"date":"2026.06.09","mission":"改进型遥六","result":"成功","note":"执行卫星互联网任务，展示 6 吨 LEO / 4 吨 SSO 的当前产品能力。"}]},{"slug":"atlas-v","name":"阿特拉斯 V","en":"Atlas V","country":"美国","flag":"🇺🇸","agency":"United Launch Alliance","status":"在役末期 · 重型","className":"模块化一次性运载火箭","debut":2002,"image":"/rockets/atlas-v.jpg","imageCredit":"NASA / Bill Ingalls（美国政府公有领域影像）","imageSource":"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Atlas_V_launches_with_MAVEN_(201311180003HQ).jpg","source":"https://www.ulalaunch.com/rockets/atlas-v","sourceLabel":"United Launch Alliance","launchSite":"卡纳维拉尔角 SLC-41 / 范登堡 SLC-3E（历史）","launchScope":"任务数量较多，本站选取能力演进、深空与载人节点；完整任务清单见 ULA 官方 Atlas V Launches。","intro":"美国服役时间很长的模块化运载火箭，仍在执行剩余任务，并逐步由火神半人马接替。","role":"曾覆盖行星探测、国家安全、商业通信与星际航线；末期重点承担星际航线载人飞船等既定任务。","stats":[{"label":"LEO 运力（551）","value":"18.85 t"},{"label":"GTO 运力（551）","value":"8.9 t"},{"label":"构型","value":"401—551"},{"label":"固体助推器","value":"0—5 枚"},{"label":"整流罩直径","value":"4 m / 5 m"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"液氧煤油 + 液氢液氧"}],"features":[{"title":"构型编码","text":"三位数字分别表示整流罩直径、固体助推器数量和 Centaur 发动机数量。"},{"title":"高能上面级","text":"Centaur 具备长时间滑行与多次点火能力，适合直接入轨和深空任务。"},{"title":"退役过渡","text":"新订单已经转向火神，阿特拉斯 V 继续完成既定任务清单。"}],"capabilityMatrix":[{"configuration":"401","launchSite":"佛州","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"LEO 28.7°","payload":"9.8 t"},{"configuration":"551","launchSite":"佛州","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"LEO 28.7°","payload":"18.85 t"},{"configuration":"551","launchSite":"佛州","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"GTO 27°","payload":"8.9 t"},{"configuration":"551","launchSite":"佛州","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"GEO 0°","payload":"3.85 t"}],"fairing":{"diameter":"4 m / 5 m","note":"两种直径均提供三种长度；具体可用包络须查 ULA 用户指南。"},"economics":{"publicPrice":"未公开现行统一报价","priceType":"未公开","estimate":"不计算","denominator":"剩余任务为特定合同","note":"历史合同金额常包含任务集成、政府保障或多次发射，不能作为当前单次标准商业报价。"},"launches":[{"date":"2002.08.21","mission":"Hot Bird 6 / 首飞","result":"成功","note":"Atlas V 401 完成首次飞行。"},{"date":"2006.01.19","mission":"New Horizons","result":"成功","note":"把新视野号送往冥王星，成为代表性高能深空任务。"},{"date":"2011.11.26","mission":"Mars Science Laboratory","result":"成功","note":"发射好奇号火星车。"},{"date":"2024.06.05","mission":"Starliner Crew Flight Test","result":"成功","note":"首次执行载人发射；本条只评价运载火箭入轨段。"},{"date":"2026.07.02","mission":"Atlas V 剩余任务","result":"成功","note":"ULA 任务档案显示该型在 2026 年仍处在役末期。"}]},{"slug":"ceres-1","name":"谷神星一号","en":"Ceres-1","country":"中国","flag":"🇨🇳","agency":"星河动力航天","status":"在役 · 轻型","className":"固体小型运载火箭","debut":2020,"image":"/rockets/ceres-1.jpg","imageCredit":"星河动力航天官方首飞影像","imageSource":"https://www.galactic-energy.cn/index.php/Show/cid/11/aid/94","source":"https://www.galactic-energy.cn/index.php/Show/cid/11/aid/94","sourceLabel":"星河动力航天","launchSite":"酒泉卫星发射中心 / 海上发射平台","launchScope":"任务数量增长较快，本站选取首飞、海上发射与重要运营节点；完整清单以企业历史任务页为准。","intro":"中国民营商业小火箭的代表型号，前三极使用固体发动机，第四级为液体上面级，可从陆上与海上平台执行快速发射。","role":"面向 300 千克级 500 km 太阳同步轨道小卫星和拼车任务。","stats":[{"label":"高度","value":"19 m"},{"label":"起飞质量","value":"31 t"},{"label":"500 km SSO","value":"300 kg"},{"label":"箭体直径","value":"1.4 m"},{"label":"级数","value":"4 级"},{"label":"推进剂","value":"三级固体 + 液体上面级"}],"features":[{"title":"固体快速响应","text":"前三极固体动力有利于储存、转运与缩短发射准备周期。"},{"title":"液体末级","text":"第四级液体上面级承担精确入轨、姿态控制和任务后钝化。"},{"title":"陆海通用","text":"在酒泉发射基础上扩展海上发射，提高任务轨道与落区适应性。"}],"capabilityMatrix":[{"configuration":"谷神星一号","launchSite":"酒泉","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"500 km SSO","payload":"300 kg"},{"configuration":"谷神星一号海射型","launchSite":"海上平台","recovery":"一次性","orbit":"任务定制","payload":"未统一公开","note":"海射任务能力随出海点与轨道倾角变化。"}],"fairing":{"diameter":"约 1.4 m 箭体级","note":"企业首飞资料未公布可直接用于适配的完整整流罩动态包络。"},"economics":{"publicPrice":"未公开统一报价","priceType":"未公开","estimate":"不计算","denominator":"缺少可比整箭报价","note":"公开拼车宣传、客户合同或融资信息不等于单次整箭商业报价。"},"launches":[{"date":"2020.11.07","mission":"遥一 · 简阳号","result":"成功","note":"企业首次发射即成功入轨，进入 500 km 太阳同步轨道。"},{"date":"2023.09.05","mission":"海射型首次飞行","result":"成功","note":"完成谷神星一号首次海上发射。"},{"date":"2026.01.17","mission":"海射型任务","result":"成功","note":"继续执行商业卫星发射，展示陆海双发射能力。"}]}]}